ေဒါက္တာဖိုးလမ္း

ေဒါက္တာဖိုးလမ္း

Welcome to my another PHP and MYSQL tutorial. In the previous I've discussed about the data insertion into database by using PHP and MYSQL. So i did successfully in the previous video.

In this video tutorial I'll discuss How to fetch data from the database called as data fetching. It's really a simple thing to access your data which is in database. You just have to do a little work for this. For fetching data you have follow some steps.

How to Fetch Data from Database

Step 1:

Make a connection with your database which i did in the previous blog.

Step 2:

If you wanna fetching a values in "form" or in a table so just have to create a form, table or whatever you want in HTML. I've created a table where I'll show you how to fetch data in table form.

Step 3:

Write a query SELECT * FROM table_Name;

Step 4:

Create a Loop for fetching all the data on a single click.

Step 5:

Create variables for the sake of storing a different values from the combined values in the loop variable like:

//while loop to fetch all the values from the database and stored in the variable named "row".

while($row = mysql_fetch_array(mysql_query($conn,$query))){

$name = $row['username']; //$name will save all the username values from the loop variable 'row'.

$pass = $row['password']; //$pass will save the password values from the loop variable 'row'.

}

Now watch the video for better understanding.

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ေဒါက္တာဖိုးလမ္း

ေဒါက္တာဖိုးလမ္း

During a CTF game, we came across very-very old systems. Turns out, it is not that easy to hack those dinosaur old systems, because modern tools like Metasploit do not have sploits for those old boxes and of course our "133t h4cking skillz" are useless without Metasploit... :)

But I had an idea: This can be a pretty good small research for fun.

The rules for the hack are the following:

Only publicly available tools can be used for this hack, so no tool development. This is a CTF for script bunniez, and we can't haz code!
Only hacks without user interaction are allowed (IE based sploits are out of scope).
I need instant remote code execution. For example, if I can drop a malware to the c: drive, and change autoexec.bat, I'm still not done, because no one will reboot the CTF machine in a real CTF for me. If I can reboot the machine, that's OK.
I don't have physical access.

I have chosen Windows 95 for this task. First, I had to get a genuine Windows 95 installer, so I visited the Microsoft online shop and downloaded it from their official site.

I installed it in a virtualized environment (remember, you need a boot floppy to install from the CD), and it hit me with a serious nostalgia bomb after watching the installer screens. "Easier to use", "faster and more efficient", "high-powered performance", "friendly", "intuitive interface". Who does not want that? :)

Now that I have a working Windows 95 box, setting up the TCP/IP is easy, let's try to hack it!

My first tool is always nmap. Let's scan the box! Below I'm showing the interesting parts from the result:

PORT      STATE           SERVICE       VERSION 139/tcp   open            netbios-ssn 137/udp   open|filtered   netbios-ns 138/udp   open|filtered   netbios-dgm Running: Microsoft Windows 3.X|95 OS details: Microsoft Windows for Workgroups 3.11 or Windows 95 TCP Sequence Prediction: Difficulty=25 (Good luck!) IP ID Sequence Generation: Broken little-endian incremental

The first exciting thing to note is that there is no port 445! Port 445 is only since NT 4.0. If you check all the famous windows sploits (e.g., MS03-026, MS08-067), all of them use port 445 and named pipes. But there are no named pipes on Windows 95!

Because I'm a Nessus monkey, let's run a free Nessus scan on it!

Only one critical vulnerability found:

Microsoft Windows NT 4.0 Unsupported Installation Detection

Thanks for nothing, Nessus! But at least it was for free.

Next, I tried GFI Languard, nothing. It detected the machine as Win95, the opened TCP port, and some UDP ports as open (false-positive), and that's all...

Let's try another free vulnerability scanner tool, Nexpose. The results are much better:

CIFS NULL Session Permitted
Weak LAN Manager hashing permitted
SMB signing not required
Windows 95/98/ME Share Level Password Bypass
TCP Sequence Number Approximation Vulnerability
ICMP netmask response
CIFS Share Readable By Everyone

I think the following vulnerabilities are useless for me at the moment:

Weak LAN Manager hashing permitted - without user interaction or services looking at the network, useless (I might be wrong here, will check this later)
TCP Sequence Number Approximation Vulnerability - not interesting
ICMP netmask response - not interesting
CIFS Share Readable By Everyone - unless there is a password in a text file, useless

But we have two interesting vulns:

CIFS NULL Session Permitted - this could be interesting, I will check this later ...
Windows 95/98/ME Share Level Password Bypass - BINGO!

Let me quote Nexpose here:

"3.2.3 Windows 95/98/ME Share Level Password Bypass (CIFS-win9x-onebyte-password)

A flaw in the Windows 95/98/ME File and Print Sharing service allows unauthorized users to access file and print shares by sending the first character of the password. Due to the limited number of attempts required to guess the password, brute force attacks can be performed in just a few seconds.

Established connection to share TEST with password P."

The vulnerability description at MS side:

http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/security/bulletin/ms00-072

For example if the password is "Password" (without quotes) and the client sends the password "P" (without quotes) and the length of 1, the client is authenticated. To find the rest of the password, the attacker increments the length to 2 and starts guessing the second letter until he reaches "PA" and gets authenticated again. As share passwords in Windows 95 are not case sensitive, "Pa" and "PA" will also be accepted. The attacker can continue to increment the length and guessing the next letter one-by-one until he gets the full "PASSWORD" (as the maximum length is 8 characters).

I believe all characters between ALT+033 and ALT+255 can be used in the share password in Windows 95, but as it is case insensitive, we have 196 characters to use, and a maximum length of 8 characters. In worst case this means that we can guess the full password in 1568 requests. The funny thing is that the share password is not connected to (by default) any username/account, and it cannot be locked via brute force.

Luckily there is a great tool which can exploit this vulnerability:

Share Password Checker

Let's check this tool in action:

W00t w00t, it brute forced the password in less then 2 seconds!

Looking at a wireshark dump we can see how it is done:

As you can see, in the middle of the dump we can see that it already guessed the part "PASS" and it is brute-forcing the fifth character, it founds that "W" is the correct fifth character, and starts brute-forcing the sixth character.

If we are lucky with the CTF, the whole C:\ drive is shared with full read-write access, and we can write our team identifier into the c:\flag.txt. But what if we want remote code execution? Stay tuned, this is going to be the topic of the next part of this post.

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ေဒါက္တာဖိုးလမ္း

Welcome back to Linux Command Line Hackery, yes this is Part 2 and today we are going to learn some new skills. Let's rock

Let us first recap what we did in Part 1, if you are not sure what the following commands do then you should read Part 1.

mkdir myfiles # make a directory (folder) with myfiles as name
cd myfiles # navigate to myfiles folder
touch file1 file2 file3 # create three empty files file1, file2, file3
ls -l # view contents of current directory
echo This is file1 > file1 # write a line of text to file1
cat file1 # display contents of file1
echo This is another line in file1 >> file1 # append another line of text to file1
cat file1 # display the modified content of file1

Command: cp
Syntax: cp source1 [source2 ...] destination
Function: cp stands for copy. cp is used to copy a file from source to destination. Some important flags are mentioned below
Flags: -r copy directories recursively
-f if an existing destination file cannot be opened, remove it and try again

Let us make a copy of file1 using the new cp command:

cp file1 file1.bak

what this command is going to do is simply copy file1 to another file named file1.bak. You can name the destination file anything you want.
Say, you have to copy file1 to a different folder maybe to home directory how can we do that? well we can do that like this:

cp file /home/user/

I've used the absolute path here you can use whatever you like.

[Trick: ~ has a special meaning, it stands for logged in user's directory. You could have written previous command simply as
cp file1 ~/
and it would have done the same thing.]

Now you want to create a new directory in myfiles directory with the name backup and store all files of myfiles directory in the backup directory. Let's try it:

mkdir backup
cp file1 file2 file3 backup/

this command will copy file1 file2 file3 to backup directory.
We can copy multiple files using cp by specifying the directory to which files must be copied at the end.
We can also copy whole directory and all files and sub-directories in a directory using cp. In order to make a backup copy of myfiles directory and all of it's contents we will type:

cd .. # navigate to previous directory
cp -r myfiles myfiles.bak # recursively copy all contents of myfiles directory to myfiles.bak directory

This command will copy myfiles directory to myfiles.bak directory including all files and sub-directories

Command: mv
Syntax:   mv source1 [source2 ...] destination
Function: mv stands for move. It is used for moving files from one place to another (cut/paste in GUI) and also for renaming the files.

If we want to rename our file1 to  file1.old in our myfiles folder we'll do the follow:

cd myfiles # navigate first to myfiles folder
mv file1 file1.old

this command will rename the file1 to file1.old (it really has got so old now). Now say we want to create a new file1 file in our myfiles folder and move the file1.old file to our backup folder:

mv file1.old backup/ # move (cut/paste) the file1.old file to backup directory
touch file1 # create a new file called file1
echo New file1 here > file1 # echo some content into file1

Command: rmdir
Syntax: rmdir directory_name
Function: rmdir stands for remove directory. It is used for removing empty directories.

Let's create an empty directory in our myfiles directory called 'garbage' and then remove it using rmdir:

mkdir garbage
rmdir  garbage

Good practice keep it doing. (*_*)
But wait a second, I said empty directory! does it mean I cannot delete a directory which has contents in it (files and sub-directories) with rmdir? Yes!, you cannot do that with rmdir.
So how am I gonna do that, well keep reading...

Command: rm
Syntax: rm FILE...
Function:   rm stands for remove. It is used to remove files and directories. Some of it's important flags are enlisted below.
Flags: -r remove directories and their contents recursively
-f ignore nonexistent files and arguments, never prompt

Now let's say we want to delete the file file1.old in backup folder. Here is how we will do that:

rm backup/file1.old # using relative path here

Boom! the file is gone. Keep in mind one thing when using rm "IT IS DESTRUCTIVE!". No I'm not yelling at you, I'm just warning you that when you use rm to delete a file it doesn't go to Trash (or Recycle Bin). Rather it is deleted and you cannot get it back (unless you use some special tools quickly). So don't try this at home. I'm just kidding but yes try it cautiously otherwise you are going to loose something important.

Did You said that we can delete directory as well with rm? Yes!, I did. You can delete a directory and all of it's contents with rm by just typing:

rm -r directory_name

Maybe we want to delete backup directory from our myfiles directory, just do this:

rm -r backup

And it is gone now.
Remember what I said about rm, use it with cautious and use rm -r more cautiously (believe me it costs a lot). -r flag will remove not just the files in directory it will also remove any sub-directories in that directory and there respective contents as well.

That is it for this article. I've said that I'll make each article short so that It can be learned quickly and remembered for longer time. I don't wanna bore you.

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ေဒါက္တာဖိုးလမ္း

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